Climate scientists have been warning us for decades about the dangerous consequences of climate change. The more frequent and intense storms the United States experienced in 2017, from extreme wildfires on the Pacific coast, to devastating hurricanes in the south/southeast, and now a bombogenesis ravaging the Northeast, have shown us more than ever before that climate change will likely be the greatest global threat our generation faces. Lets take a look back at some of this years major disasters.

The California Wildfires

Wildfires devastated the Pacific coast this October, with millions of acres burned across California, Oregon, Montana, and elsewhere. In Northern California, more than 245,000 acres burned and 14,000 homes were destroyed; and the Thomas Fire near Santa Barbara ripped across 280,000 acres, making it the states largest wildfire ever. With damages exceeding $2 billion, 2017 was the most expensive fire season year on record.

The clearest way in which global warming increases wildfire risk is higher temperatures. Higher temperatures draw moisture from plants, trees, and soil, essentially turning forests into tinderboxes. This provides the dry fuel and conditions that feed wildfires. In California, the added heat has been compounded by the prolonged drought from 2012 to 2016, which dried out vast swaths of wilderness and opened the door to a devastating beetle bark infestation. The twin forces have killed some 129 million trees across nearly nine million acres, building up a massive amount of fuel and significantly raising wildfire risks.

The added danger of wildfires is that they can convert forests from sponges to sources of carbon dioxide, forming yet another climate feedback cycle. In fact, Californias forests emitted more carbon than they absorbed between 2001 and 2010, and two-thirds of the loss was attributable to wildfires, according to a 2015 study by researchers at the National Park Service and the University of California, Berkeley.

Hurricane Season: Harvey, Irma, and Maria

Deadly storms Harvey, Irma, and Maria dominated the news in August, killing more than 150 people and causing more than $200 billion in damages in just the United States, making it, too, the most expensive hurricane season on record. 27 trillion gallons of rain fell over Texas and Louisiana from Hurricane Harvey alone, setting the record for the highest tropical cyclone rainfall in the continental US. Sea level rise of 10 to 12 inches in cities such as Miami dramatically increased the destruction caused by the storm surges associated with Hurricane Irma, which were as high as 10 feet. And warming waters driving hurricane development and strength ushered in Hurricane Maria, Puerto Ricos strongest storm in 85 years.

Several recent studies concluded that shifting climate conditions significantly increased the odds of an extreme event such as Harvey. Among other climatic factors, warmer air holds more moisture, and higher sea levels raise the height of storm surges, both of which can increase the destructive power of storms.

A study published in Environmental Research Letters in December concluded that global warming made an event like Harvey around three times more likely. Meanwhile, a report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Kerry Emanuel, a prominent hurricane researcher and professor of atmospheric science at MIT, found that events of similar magnitude will become far more likely as the climate warms further.

Bombogensis in the Northeast

The Northeast coast got slammed this Thursday by whats known as a bombogensis, a condition which occurs when a storm drops by at least 24 millibars (a unit that measures pressure) in 24 hours, bringing furious winds that can quickly create blizzard conditions and coastal flooding. Winter Storm Grayson dropped a stunning 59 millibars in just 24 hours. These category 3 hurricane-force winds have caused extreme coastal flooding, particularly in Bostons seaport area, which newscasters are reporting may be the highest high-tide seen in the area since 1921. Grysons arrival also arrival prompted more than 4,000 flights were canceled nationwide, nearly all of which were at hubs impacted by Grayson.

Storms like these are not uncommon in the Northeast; they typically happen about ten times a year, and are referred to by other names, such as Noreaster or mid-latitude cyclone. But Grayson isnt your typical noreaster. œThis storm is a synoptic meteorologists dream, says Paul Huttner, who watches the weather for Minnesota Public Radio. œIts a perfect alignment of the three things we look for. These three things are a warm conveyor belt of tropical moisture, a cold air mass, and a low pressure trough in the upper levels of the atmosphere. While the Gulf Stream currently shuttling out of the Caribbean and right up the Atlantic coast is common for this type of year, whats less normal is the huge subzero air mass that dipped down from the Arctic about 10 days ago, plunging the Great Lakes and Eastern US into a sustained deep freeze. These conditions combined to form Grayson- quite literally, the perfect storm.